数据表示(Data Representation)
中文介绍：数据表示是指计算机中信息的存储和表示方法。计算机使用不同的数据表示方法来处理数字、字符、图像等信息。
英文介绍：Data representation refers to the methods used to store and represent information in a computer. Different data representation methods are used to process numbers, characters, images, and other types of information.
指令集架构(Instruction Set Architecture)
中文介绍：指令集架构定义了计算机硬件与软件之间的接口。它规定了可执行的指令集合、指令的格式和执行方式，以及寄存器的使用方法。
英文介绍：Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) defines the interface between the computer hardware and software. It specifies the set of instructions that can be executed, the instruction formats, execution methods, and the use of registers.
处理器(Processor)
中文介绍：处理器是计算机的核心组件，负责执行指令并进行算术逻辑运算。它由控制单元、算术逻辑单元（ALU）和寄存器组成。
英文介绍：The processor is the central component of a computer responsible for executing instructions and performing arithmetic and logical operations. It consists of a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers.
存储器(Memory)
中文介绍：存储器用于存储指令和数据。主存储器（如RAM）是计算机中的主要存储器，而高速缓存和辅助存储器（如硬盘、固态硬盘）用于提高存取速度和存储容量。
英文介绍：Memory is used to store instructions and data. The main memory (e.g., RAM) is the primary storage in a computer, while caches and auxiliary storage devices (e.g., hard drives, solid-state drives) are used to improve access speed and storage capacity.
输入输出(Input/Output)
中文介绍：输入输出系统用于计算机与外部设备之间的数据传输。输入设备（如键盘、鼠标）用于将数据输入计算机，输出设备（如显示器、打印机）用于将计算机的结果输出。
英文介绍：Input/output (I/O) refers to the system that enables the transfer of data between a computer and external devices. Input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice) are used to input data into the computer, while output devices (e.g., displays, printers) are used to present the results of computation.
时钟(Clock)
中文介绍：时钟是计算机中的定时设备，用于同步各个部件的操作。时钟发出的脉冲信号确定了指令和数据的传输速度，以及处理器的工作节奏。
英文介绍：The clock is a timing device in a computer that synchronizes the operations of various components. The clock generates pulses that determine the speed of instruction and data transfers, as well as the operating pace of the processor.
总线(Bus)
中文介绍：总线是计算机内部各个组件之间传输数据和信号的通道。它分为数据总线、地址总线和控制总线，用于传输数据、存储器地址和控制信号。
英文介绍：A bus is a communication channel that allows data and signals to be transferred between different components of a computer. It consists of data buses, address buses, and control buses used for data transfer, memory addressing, and control signals.
中断(Interrupt)
中文介绍：中断是计算机在执行过程中的一种事件，打断当前的程序执行，转而处理其他紧急事务。中断可以来自外部设备或内部异常，用于实现异步事件处理。
英文介绍：An interrupt is an event that occurs during the execution of a program, causing a break in the normal sequence of operations. Interrupts can be triggered by external devices or internal exceptions and are used for handling asynchronous events.
流水线(Pipeline)
中文介绍：流水线是一种将指令执行过程划分为多个阶段，并行处理多条指令的技术。每个阶段执行特定的操作，从而提高指令的执行速度和吞吐量。
英文介绍：Pipeline is a technique that divides the instruction execution process into multiple stages, allowing parallel processing of multiple instructions. Each stage performs a specific operation, thereby improving instruction execution speed and throughput.